Technology

Technology capability

2011-10-06T00:38:00.000-07:00

Technology is about meeting human needs through the creative process of designing and making.
Technology capability is acquired through the two profile components of design and technology and information technology. If students are to fully develop this capability, technology requires an overt input from five distinct subject areas: art and design, business studies, craft design and technology (CDT), home economics and information technology. It is essential that these subjects form a collegiate working relationship to plan, organise and deliver a technology curriculum unified by the design process. In this way, we can deliver technology capability in an effective manner as well as capitalise upon the breadth of professional expertise present within schools.

Programs

2011-10-05T08:24:00.001-07:00

The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed. That is to say that some type of instructions (the program) can be given to the computer, and it will carry process them. While some computers may have strange concepts "instructions" and "output" (see quantum computing), modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have machine code in the form of an imperative programming language.

In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigaflops) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors.

Semiconductors and microprocessors

2011-10-05T08:23:00.000-07:00

Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by transistor-based machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper to produce, required less power, and were more reliable. The first transistorised computer was demonstrated at the University of Manchester in 1953.^[31] In the 1970s, integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, further decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers. By the late 1970s, many products such as video recorders contained dedicated computers called microcontrollers, and they started to appear as a replacement to mechanical controls in domestic appliances such as washing machines. The 1980s witnessed home computers and the now ubiquitous personal computer. With the evolution of the Internet, personal computers are becoming as common as the television and the telephone in the household^[

Nearly all modern computers

2011-10-05T08:22:00.000-07:00

Nearly all modern computers implement some form of the stored-program architecture, making it the single trait by which the word "computer" is now defined. While the technologies used in computers have changed dramatically since the first electronic, general-purpose computers of the 1940s, most still use the von Neumann architecture.

Beginning in the 1950s, Soviet scientists Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov conducted research on ternary computers, devices that operated on a base three numbering system of −1, 0, and 1 rather than the conventional binary numbering system upon which most computers are based. They designed the Setun, a functional ternary computer, at Moscow State University. The device was put into limited production in the Soviet Union, but supplanted by the more common binary architecture.

Stored-program architecture

2011-10-05T08:20:00.001-07:00

Several developers of ENIAC, recognizing its flaws, came up with a far more flexible and elegant design, which came to be known as the "stored program architecture" or von Neumann architecture. This design was first formally described by John von Neumann in the paper First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, distributed in 1945. A number of projects to develop computers based on the stored-program architecture commenced around this time, the first of these being completed in Great Britain. The first working prototype to be demonstrated was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM or "Baby") in 1948. The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), completed a year after the SSEM at Cambridge University, was the first practical, non-experimental implementation of the stored program design and was put to use immediately for research work at the university. Shortly thereafter, the machine originally described by von Neumann's paper—EDVAC—was completed but did not see full-time use for an additional two years.

First general-purpose computers

2011-10-05T08:19:00.000-07:00

In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom by introducing a series ofpunched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.

The Most Famous Image in the Early History of Computing^[20]

This portrait of Jacquard was woven in silk on a Jacquard loom and required 24,000 punched cards to create (1839). It was only produced to order. Charles Babbage owned one of these portraits ; it inspired him in using perforated cards in his analytical engine^[21]

It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine.^[22] Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed ; nevertheless his son, Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of the analytical engine's computing unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906. This machine was given to the Science museum in South Kensington in 1910.

The mechanical calculator

2011-10-05T08:18:00.000-07:00

Around the end of the tenth century, the French monk Gerbert d'Aurillac brought back from Spain the drawings of a machine invented by the Moors that answered Yes or No to the questions it was asked (binary arithmetic).^[9] Again in the thirteenth century, the monks Albertus Magnus and Roger Baconbuilt talking androids without any further development (Albertus Magnus complained that he had wasted forty years of his life when Thomas Aquinas, terrified by his machine, destroyed it).^[10]

In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator,^[11] a device that could perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence.^[12] The mechanical calculator was at the root of the development of computers in two separate ways ; initially, it is in trying to develop more powerful and more flexible calculators^[13] that the computer was first theorized by Charles Babbage^[14]^[15] and then developed,^[16] leading to the development of mainframe computers in the 1960s, but also the microprocessor, which started the personal computer revolution, and which is now at the heart of all computer systems regardless of size or purpose,^[17] was invented serendipitously by Intel^[18] during the development of an electronic calculator, a direct descendant to the mechanical calculator.^[19]

Limited-function early computers

2011-10-05T08:15:00.000-07:00

The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies—automated calculation and programmability—but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. A few devices are worth mentioning though, like some mechanical aids to computing, which were very successful and survived for centuries until the advent of the electronic calculator, like the Sumerianabacus, designed around 2500 BC^[4] which descendant won a speed competition against a modern desk calculating machine in Japan in 1946,^[5] the slide rules, invented in the 1620s, which were carried on five Apollospace missions, including to the moon^[6] and arguably theastrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient astronomical computer built by the Greeks around 80 BC.^[7] The Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when.^[8] This is the essence of programmability.

A computer's processing

2011-10-05T08:14:00.000-07:00

Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory for data storage, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control element that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out.

A computer's processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate and then store data. Conditional instructions change the sequence of instructions as a function of the current state of the machine or its environment.

The first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).^[1]

Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.^[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit intomobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from mp3 players to fighter aircraft and fromtoys to industrial robots are the most numerous.

Computer

2011-10-05T08:11:00.000-07:00

aprogrammablemachinedesigned to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem.

Technological experiences

2011-10-05T08:00:00.000-07:00

The effectiveness of the technological experiences provided will be depend upon the ability of staff to work together as a team. Regular and frequent meetings, both formal and informal, will present opportunities to air and evaluate new and tried ideas and strategies. It will be through a process of evaluation and re-evaluation that the technological learning experiences offered will best evolve.

A good technology curriculum is one which is flexible enough to meet the needs of all students. It should be sufficiently open-ended to enable students to make responses which reflect their personal experiences of the social and cultural diversity which exists within society. Through technology we must aim to give every student the opportunity to develop those skills which will give equal access to employment in adult life

Technology represents

2011-10-05T07:57:00.000-07:00

The successful implementation of technology represents a major professional challenge to all teachers of the subject. The six years since the Orders came into force, together with the recent revision of technology, have emphasised that current practice forms but the basis for the further implementation and future development of the subject; adjustments, modifications and changes are as much a part of the evolution of technology as a subject as they are a part of the technological design process.
It should be remembered that some of the contributors to technology have inputs to make to the wider school curriculum. Art has a significant role outside technology but can contribute to the planning and delivery of the subject. Business Studies can contribute to both technology and the cross curricular theme of Economic and Industrial Understanding. CDT can play a key role in technology. Home Economics is a rich cross curricular subject which can contribute not only to technology but also to science and the cross curricular themes of Citizenship and Health Education. Information Technology contributes many elements to technology yet should not be seen as outside of any one subject, and, indeed, as an essential part of most subjects.

Technology capability

2011-10-05T07:54:00.001-07:00

Technology is about meeting human needs through the creative process of designing and making.
Technology capability is acquired through the two profile components of design and technology and information technology. If students are to fully develop this capability, technology requires an overt input from five distinct subject areas: art and design, business studies, craft design and technology (CDT), home economics and information technology. It is essential that these subjects form a collegiate working relationship to plan, organise and deliver a technology curriculum unified by the design process. In this way, we can deliver technology capability in an effective manner as well as capitalise upon the breadth of professional expertise present within schools.

History

2011-10-05T07:50:00.000-07:00

As a part of history. there are a lot people involved from various countries in doing the technological development. There were many people associated to the history, and also people to study the history which are called technologists, sociologists or anthropologists. There is a lot to study about technology in respect to its history which cannot be dealt in short. The general overview of the same is to give knowledge that technological development is not new but coming from our ancestors from a long time.

Technology can do a lot of things as it is doing in the recent time and on daily events. We can see everyday some or the other inventions in many fields so technology has become a very important aspect of our lives.

Inventions

2011-10-05T07:48:00.000-07:00

All the above statements can be said to be correct in the lieu of defining technology. Technology has to be considered as a vast concept in which the humans uses the knowledge of tools to adapt to the environment. Technology is the conversion of natural resources into convenient tools for their development.

Inventions or technology development are in existence from a very long time as an example we could say that the first wheel was invented in 4000 BC. So, to as this we can say that technological part or technology development has a very long history of its own. There are many scientific develoment in the field of technology which assists human to travel to places where it was not possible earlier

Technology

2011-10-05T07:45:00.000-07:00

Technology has made our lives to change completely. We, the people have come across so much of technological improvements inour daily lives that we can't imagine life without certain things these days. But before we think or talk about technology or technologies we should exactly know what is technology? People may have different views or ways to think about technology, although this is true to some extent becuase no two persons can have a same view of defining technology. So let's see some of the definition which can clear the concept of what technology is, by seeing some of the definition.

- Technology is the application on sciences in order to benefit humanity.
- Techonology is a body of knowledge which is used to develop skills, collect resourceful of material, create tools and use some scientific approach to solve the problem.
- Technology is a set of tool which includes software as well as hardware to let the human mind think better. It includes ecrything from pencil, paper to electronic equipments.
- Technology is the means by which humans transform nature to have their basic requirements satisfied.

The Java ME Universe Today

2011-10-05T07:40:00.000-07:00

The current universe of configurations, profiles and optional packages is shown in the diagram below. The tables immediately following provide more details about the abbreviations in the figure

A profile builds on a configuration but adds more specific APIs to make a complete environment for building applications. While a configuration describes a JVM¹ and a basic set of APIs, it does not by itself specify enough detail to enable you to build complete applications. Profiles usually include APIs for application life cycle, user interface, and persistent storage.

An optional package provides functionality that may not be associated with a specific configuration or profile. One example of an optional package is the Bluetooth API (JSR 82), which provides a standardized API for using Bluetooth networking. This optional package could be implemented alongside virtually any combination of configurations and profiles.

Overview of Java ME

2011-10-05T07:37:00.000-07:00

Unlike Java SE, Java ME is not a piece of software, nor is it a single specification. This difference can be confusing, even for developers who are already familiar with Java SE. Instead, Java ME is a platform, a collection of technologies and specifications that are designed for different parts of the small device market. Because Java ME spans such a variety of devices, it wouldn't make sense to try to create a one-size-fits-all solution.

Java ME, therefore, is divided into configurations, profiles,and optional packages. Configurations are specifications that detail a virtual machine and a base set of APIs that can be used with a certain class of device. A configuration, for example, might be designed for devices that have less than 512 KB of memory and an intermittent network connection. The virtual machine is either a full Java Virtual Machine¹ (as described in the specification) or some subset of the full JVM¹. The set of APIs is customarily a subset of the Java SE APIs.

Java

2011-10-05T07:34:00.000-07:00

Taken together, the Java language, Java virtual machine¹, and Java APIs compose the Java platform. Moreover, the Java platform is designed to encompass a wide range of computer hardware, everything from smart cards through enterprise servers. Therefore, the Java platform comes in three flavors:

Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) is designed for desktop computers. Most often it runs on top of OS X, Linux, Solaris, or Microsoft Windows.
Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) is a comprehensive platform for multiuser,enterprise-wide applications. It is based on Java SE and adds APIs for server-side computing.
Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) is a set of technologies and specifications developed for small devices like pagers, mobile phones, and set-top boxes. Java ME uses subsets of Java SE components, such as smaller virtual machines and leaner APIs.

Overview of the Java Platform

2011-10-05T07:31:00.000-07:00

The Java programming language is syntactically similar to C++ but differs fundamentally. While C++ uses unsafe pointers and programmers are responsible for allocating and freeing memory, the Java programming language uses type safe object references, and unused memory is reclaimed automatically. Furthermore, the Java programming language eschews multiple inheritance (a likely source of confusion and ambiguity in C++) in favor of a cleaner construct,interfaces.
A virtual machine forms the foundation of the Java platform. This architecture offers several attractive features: The virtual machine can be implemented to run a top a variety of operating systems and hardware, with binary-compatible Java applications operating consistently across many implementations. In addition, the virtual machine provides tight control of executed binaries, enabling safe execution of untrusted code.
Finally, an extensive set of standard application programming interfaces(APIs) rounds out the Java platform. These support almost everything you might want your applications to do, from user interface through cryptography, from CORBA connectivity through internationalization.

Sun Mobile Device Technology

2011-10-05T07:29:00.000-07:00

Although wireless may seem like a special case, it is actually more intuitive and more natural than wired networking. Some day soon the need to plug a laptop into a network physically will seem quaint and antiquated. The notion that you could walk into a room with your cell phone and have it unable to interact with other devices in the room will seem unbelievably primitive. The future will reveal that wirednetworks are the special case.

Conceptually, wireless communications can be split into two types, local and wide area. A local device is similar to a key fob with a button that unlocks a car, a 900 MHz cordless phone, a radio control toy, or a Bluetooth network. All of these devices operate over short distances, typically just a few meters.

Wide area wireless devices operate effectively over a much greater area. A pager or mobile phone is a good example; you can talk on your mobile phone to any other phone on the planet. These devices' greater range relies on a trick, however: a more elaborate land-based network. A mobile phone doesn't have that much more radio power than a radio control toy. What it does have is a network of carefully placed radio antennas (cell towers); the phone can continue to operate as long as it is within range of at least one tower. The mobile phone device receives service from a wireless carrier, a company that operates the land-based network.

Overview of Wireless Communications

2011-10-05T07:27:00.000-07:00

Wireless communications is a huge field, encompassing everything from radio and television broadcasting through pagers, mobile phones, and satellite communications. The field of mobile phones is expanding very fast at the same time that standards and protocols are being adopted, used, updated, and sometimes discarded. The other rapidly expanding part of the wireless world is that of wireless local area networks (LANs). Driven by widespread acceptance of the IEEE 802.11 standard, wireless local networking for computers and other devices is spreading rapidly.

introduction

2011-10-05T07:24:00.000-07:00

Power Architecture technology is an instruction set architecture that spans applications from consumer electronics to supercomputers. But it's more than that. Facilitated by Power.org, Power Architecture technology forms an enhanced platform for collaborative hardware innovation, with the goal of developing community specifications and supporting development tools that work together to facilitate integration and enhanced implementations.

The foundation for Power Architecture was originally developed by IBM in the early 1980s and subsequently steadily improved through collaborative efforts with leading brands and developers from around the world. Initially used mostly by IBM, Motorola and Apple, Power Architecture™ technology has since gained support from many of the world's most innovative and recognizable brands and become the preferred platform for many emerging applications and markets

Technology

2011-10-05T07:19:00.000-07:00

Reading and Listening comprehension are the star skills developed throughout the lesson plans, as well as speaking, whenever a face-to-face debate is suggested. An enhanced comprehension of technology-related vocabulary will definitevely result from the activities. Furthermore, an introduction to direct translation is also approached, with a comparative analysis of different translation methods.

Introduction to Technology

2011-10-05T07:14:00.001-07:00

This is a new project on technology, supported on a wiki, aimed at upper-intermediate to advanced sttudents of English as a second language since English is considered a tool to approach some technology-related concepts and situations.
In case you have never heard about or browsed a wiki, here goes a short definition I gave my students: "A wiki is a collection of web pages designed to enable anyone who accesses it to contribute or modify content, using a simplified language. Wikis are often used to create collaborative websites and to power community websites. For example, the collaborative encyclopediaWikipediais one of the best known wikis.